Display device

ABSTRACT

A display device comprising picture elements, which are constituted by electrowetting elements having at least one first fluid and a second fluid immiscible with each other within a space between a first support plate and a second support plate, the second fluid being electro-conductive or polar. The first fluid in each element is at the side of the first support plate confined by element walls, and the second fluid is shared by a plurality of picture elements, characterised by a preventer for preventing first fluid portions from being expelled from its confinement when forces other than electrowetting forces are exerted on this fluid.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation of U.S. continuation-in-partpatent application Ser. No. 12/814,803 filed on Jun. 14, 2010, entitled,“DISPLAY DEVICE” which claims priority to International PatentApplication No. PCT/EP2009/055084 filed on Apr. 27, 2009, entitled,“DISPLAY DEVICE” which claims priority to GB0807667.1 filed Apr. 28,2008, the contents and teachings of all of which are hereby incorporatedby reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a display device comprising picture elements,which are constituted by electrowetting elements having at least onefirst fluid and a second fluid immiscible with each other within a spacebetween a first support plate and a second support plate, the secondfluid being electro-conductive or polar, whereby the first fluid in eachelement is at the side of the first support plate confined by elementwalls and the second fluid is shared by a plurality of picture elements.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Such a display device, meanwhile known as an electrowetting display(EWD), may be used in a number of apparatuses such as a portablecomputer, for example a notebook or a game computer or a handheldcomputer, such as personal digital assistant (PDA). Such a display mayalso be used in a watch or in a digital photo display. Since anelectrowetting display combines many attractive properties such as highcolour brightness, video speed, and low power consumption, itconstitutes a substantially better alternative for the well known andnowadays widely used liquid crystal display (LCD). Because of saidcombination of properties the electrowetting display is very suitablefor use in smaller handheld apparatuses, like mobile phones, digitalpicture- or video camera's etc.

An electrowetting display is known, for example from PCT patentapplication WO 03071346. As described therein, this display comprises alarge number of electrowetting elements, which constitute the displaypicture elements (pixels). Each element is provided with a first fluidand a second fluid, which fluids are immiscible. In the height- orthickness-direction of the display the fluids are confined by a firstsupport plate, or base plate, and a second support plate. Both the firstand the second support plate may be common to all electrowettingelements. At its inner side the first support plate is provided with atransparent electrode, which is covered by a (hydrophobic) layer lesswettable to the second fluid. The first fluid is for instance oil andthe second fluid may be water. In a first state, when no voltage isapplied between the electrode and the second fluid, the first fluidadjoins the first support plate, i.e. covers the hydrophobic layer,whilst the second fluid adjoins the second support plate. When a voltageis applied, the first fluid layer moves aside or breaks up into smalldroplets. Since parts of the second fluid now penetrate the first fluidlayer, the electrowetting element becomes partly transparent so that itcan transmit light. The first fluid of an element is confined by thefirst support plate and, in the lateral direction, by element walls.

Several embodiments of this basic design of the electrowetting displayare possible. For example the viewing side, i.e. the side facing anobserver, may be the side of the second support plate so that the firstsupport plate may constitute a base plate, and the electrode arranged onthis plate may be transparent or reflective. The transparent electrodemay be a layer of indium tin oxide (ITO), or a very thin layer of anelectrically conductive material or a so-called open layer, i.e. a layerprovided with holes. The viewing side may also be the side of the firstsupport plate. The element walls may protrude from the first supportplate and/or from the second support plate. The electrowetting displaymay be configured to spatially modulating, according to the image to bedisplayed, either a transmitting beam or a reflected beam. Theelectrowetting display may also include more than two supporting plates.

As described in PCT patent application WO 2004104670, the height of theelement walls is substantially smaller than the width of the gap betweenthe supporting plates. This measure provides the advantage that thebrightness of the pixels will be enhanced, especially when the pixelsize is reduced to increase the definition of the display. In additionit provides the advantage that the second, conducting, fluid portions ofthe individual elements are interconnected across the whole display. Itis true that the height of the first fluid upon contraction may in factbe larger than the actual wall height. However, it has been confirmedexperimentally that in the contracted shape the oil remains within thepixel.

Although the concept of the electrowetting display has proven to be veryfeasible, it has turned out that unexpected problems may occur. It hasbeen established that some of the manufactured displays do not satisfythe specifications, and also that a display, which passed manufacturecontrol may deteriorate during use so that its performance becomesunacceptable. Neither these problems nor their cause have been reportedup to now.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to reveal the cause of the problems andto provide solutions for the problems. This results in a display devicethat is characterised by a preventer for preventing first fluid portionsfrom being expelled from its confinement when forces other thanelectrowetting forces are exerted on this fluid.

A first fluid portion could be expelled from its confinement within theelement walls on the first support plate by flowing over an element wallor by being displaced to and adhering at the second support plate. Ithas been conceived that downwards movement of the second support platedue to pressure exerted on this plate, for example by a finger, maycause the following effects. The second support plate will push thesecond fluid down and this fluid can expel the first fluid from itsconfinement. If the distance between the support plates, i.e. the gapwidth becomes small enough, the fluid will even adhere to the secondsupport plate. This effect may be called the lowered ceiling effect.Moreover, a pressure pulse exerted on the second support plate maycreate a shock wave, which propagates through the fluids and may even bemagnified and which may cause a first fluid portion to flow over anelement wall. This may be called a tsunami effect. Both effects resultin at least a portion of first fluid being expelled from theirconfinement in at least some elements.

As described in PCT patent application WO 2005098797, the performance ofan electrowetting display is critically dependent on the amount of firstfluid, e.g. oil, in the elements. In particular for control of greylevels of the elements the oil dose is very critical. Already if anamount of less than 20%, for example 10% of the oil is removed from anelectrowetting element, this element and its neighbour element thatreceives the expelled oil will no longer perform the required opticalswitching so that the optical transfer function is impaired. If a largeramount of oil is expelled from an electrowetting element this elementwill be “lost” for the display. As is known in the art, the human eye isvery critical and will notice even a single missing pixel in a display.In practice more than one pixel may get lost when pressure is exerted onthe display. The number of missing pixels is determined by the type ofpressure. In case of local pressure, for example by a finger or apen-like element on a touch screen, a limited number of pixels will getlost. If a larger area of the display is pressed, a substantially largernumber of electrowetting elements may be destroyed.

During manufacture of an electrowetting display, also after the array ofelements has been finished, elements may be destroyed during subsequentprocess steps, such as filling, sealing, scribing, breaking, addition oflayers for the assembly process or layers to improve the opticalperformance. Moreover, the addition of reflector means and front- orback-light means may also be attended with element destruction. Finally,during transport of the display elements may also be destroyed due tomechanical shocks or other forces, which temporarily cause a change ofthe gap width. By providing an electrowetting display with a preventeraccording to the invention the oil, or another first fluid, can beretained in the elements on the first support plate and the displaybecomes more resistant against pressure and shocks. A preventer may bee.g. a component arranged in the space of an electrowetting element oran electronic circuit. The display device may have one preventer or aplurality of preventers of the same type or of different types.

The element walls confining the first fluid to an electrowetting elementmay have the form of a hydrophilic layer on the first support plate. Theelement walls may also be material walls extending from the firstsupport plate and having a height perpendicular to a surface of thefirst support plate adjoining the first fluid, the height being smallerthan the distance between the plates.

The embodiments of the new electrowetting display can be divided intoseveral classes. A first class of embodiments is characterised in thatthe preventer is constituted by a component arranged at the inner sideof the second support plate, which component prevents the first fluidfrom attaching to this plate.

Since the inner side of the second support plate repels the first fluidupon a downward movement of the top plate, the first fluid is presseddownwards via pressure from the second fluid and does not leave theelement. When the top plate retracts, it cannot pull the first fluidupwards. In this way a lowered ceiling effect can be prevented and areduction of the tsunami effect is obtained.

Movement of the second support plate is understood to mean movement of aportion of this plate, i.e. local bending of the plate, as well asmovement of the entire plate.

A first subclass of the first class is further characterised in that thecomponent is constituted by an array of protruding elements having ahydrophilic surface and having their base on the second support plateand a height smaller than the distance between the first support plateand the second support plate. The hydrophilic surface reduces the chancethat the first fluid moves along a protruding element and touches thefirst fluid from another pixel, which may cause transfer of first fluidfrom one pixel to another pixel.

Usually the term hydrophilic surface is used to indicate that a surfaceattracts water, which may be the second fluid in the electrowettingdisplay. However since the second fluid may be other than water and thesurface should be wettable to this other fluid and since also severaldegrees of wettability are possible, in this description and claimshydrophilic is understood to mean more wettable to the second fluid thanto the first fluid. Similarly the term hydrophobic is understood to meanless wettable to the second fluid than to the first fluid.

To obtain a hydrophilic surface either a hydrophilic material may bechosen for the, possibly protruding, elements or these elements may becoated with a hydrophilic layer. For such a hydrophilic layer ormaterial, many choices are available. Some examples are glass, SiO2,SiN. Also porous or rough hydrophilic surfaces, such as hydro-gelcoatings can be used to create a surface that is more wettable to thesecond fluid.

The array of protruding elements may be arranged in a regular pattern orin an irregular pattern. An irregular pattern has the advantage that theelements are less visible. A regular pattern is more visible than anirregular pattern because of effects such as Moiré between the patternof the protruding elements and the pattern of the pixels.

The embodiments of the first subclass are preferably furthercharacterised in that the hydrophilic elements narrow towards the firstsupport plate. This provides the advantage that the second fluid isbetter contained within the spaces between the protruding elements, i.e.the hydrophilic effect is enlarged. Moreover, the optical effect ofthese elements, i.e. their visibility in the displayed image is reduced.

A further reduction of the visibility is obtained in embodiments, whichare characterised in that the material of the protruding elements istransparent. Preferably the refractive index of the protruding elementsis substantially equal to that of the second fluid. In this way theprotruding elements are not discernible and consequently they are notvisible in the displayed image.

The bases of the protruding elements may be spaced from each other orarranged close to each other or against each other. In the latter casetheir envisaged effect of enclosing the second fluid so that the firstfluid cannot adhere to the second support plate is enlarged.

A first embodiment of the first subclass is characterised in that theprotruding elements have a square base.

The protruding elements may, for example have a prismatic shape, whichhelps to contain the second fluid, e.g. water, between the protrudingelements so that the first fluid, e.g. oil, cannot touch the secondsupport plate.

A second embodiment of the first subclass is characterised in that thespacer elements have a circular base.

A third embodiment of the first subclass is characterised in that thespacer elements form a raster pattern, similar to the pixel pattern thatis formed on the first support plate. In this case, the spacer elementson the second support plate as well as the surface in between the spacerelements are made of a hydrophilic material.

The protruding elements of the first, second and third embodiments maybe arranged in a two-dimensional regular, e.g. matrix pattern or in anirregular pattern. The elements may be arranged close to each other sothat for each display-element one or more protruding elements is (are)present. The protruding elements may also be arranged at larger mutualdistance, for example one element for a number of electrowettingelements. In the latter case the elements are less visible.

A fourth embodiment of the first subclass is characterised in that theprotruding elements are longitudinal ridges which longitudinal dimensionis substantially equal to the corresponding dimension of the surface ofthe first support plate.

The ridges have a similar effect as for example a matrix of prismaticshaped protruding elements. The length direction of the ridges may beeither at an angle or parallel to an element wall. In this embodimentonly alignment in one direction is required. Moreover, in case theprotruding elements would touch the element walls the latter can betterwithstand the pressure of the elements if these are longitudinal.

A second subclass of the first class is characterised in that thepreventer is constituted by a layer at the inner side of the secondsupport plate, which layer is hydrophilic during use of the display. Thehydrophilic surface reduces the chance that the first fluid moves alongthe inner side of the second support plate and touches the first fluidfrom another pixel, which may cause transfer of first fluid from onepixel to another pixel.

The layer may be permanently hydrophilic, i.e. made of a hydrophilicmaterial, for example silicon oxide or silicon nitride or a metal. Alsoporous or rough hydrophilic surfaces, such as hydro-gel coatings can beused. It is also possible to provide the inner side of the secondsupport plate with a layer of another material and to apply a voltagebetween the second fluid and an electrode on the second support plate sothat this layer becomes effectively hydrophilic during use of thedisplay. This other material may even be hydrophobic, such as anamorphous fluoropolymer, for example AF1600 or another low surfaceenergy polymer such as parylene. Again the first fluid is prevented fromattaching to the second support plate and this fluid is pushed down whenthe second support plate moves downwards so that a lowered ceilingeffect is prevented.

A third subclass of the first class is characterised in that the secondsupport plate is provided with movement limiting elements preferably atlocations corresponding to the element walls on the first support plate,which elements extend in a direction perpendicular to the support platesand have a length smaller than the distance between the support platesand larger than the maximum height of the first fluid in a element, whenin the transmitting state.

The movement limiting elements, which warrant a distance between thesupport plates larger than a critical distance to be maintained, aresuitable for preventing a lowered ceiling effect in a display devicewherein the distance between the support plates is relatively small. Forexample this distance is somewhat larger than the height of the firstfluid in an electrowetting element when in a state of maximumtransmission. The movement limiting elements also limit movement of thesecond fluid and thus prevent this fluid from leaving the second supportplate.

A fourth subclass of the first class is characterised in that the secondsupport plate is provided with distance defining elements at locationscorresponding to the element walls, which elements extend in a directionperpendicular to the support plates and touch the element walls on thefirst support plate.

Since the distance defining elements have a length equal to the initialdistance between the support plates, they prevent motion of the secondsupport plate toward the first support plate so that the first fluidcannot escape from an electrowetting element. In this way both a loweredceiling effect and a tsunami effect is no longer possible. The distancedefining elements should have a relative small cross section to preventthese elements from having an optical effect. Also the small crosssection makes sure that the distance defining elements do not interferewith the motion of the first fluid when switching the electrowettingelements. In addition, the small cross section facilitates alignment ofthe distance defining elements with the underlying electrowettingelement walls, during assembly of the display. In some display devicesit may be sufficient to use a single distance defining element for agroup of electrowetting elements.

The requirement to have a small cross-section has not to be met in asecond embodiment of the fourth subclass that is characterised in thatthe second support plate is provided with a number of lensescorresponding to the number and location of the distance definingelements. Each of the lenses makes the corresponding distance definingelements invisible so that the elements may have a larger cross-sectionand are more robust.

An embodiment of the second class is characterised in that the firstsupport plate is provided with first distance defining elements and thesecond support plate is provided with second distance defining elements,the total length of a first and a second element being equal to thedistance between the first and second support plate.

An embodiment of the third class is characterised in that the spacebetween the support plates includes free bodies of a preferablytransparent material having a dimension in the direction perpendicularto the support plates larger than the maximum height of the first fluidin an element when in the transmitting state.

A free body is understood to mean a body that is not fixed to any of thecomponents of the electrowetting elements and in principle can move inthe space between the supporting plates. This space is understood tomean the common space of the electrowetting elements. This embodiment ispreferred because it is does not require any additional steps in themanufacturing process and no further alignment of the first and secondsupport plate is required.

A further embodiment of the third class is further characterised in thatthe free bodies are spheres. Spheres have the advantage that theirdimensions do not change upon rotation. Since the ratio of width versusheight is 1 for a sphere and this ratio is larger than one for mostother shapes, spheres will have the smallest possible size in thedirection parallel to the support plates and, as such, cause thesmallest possible lateral disruption.

A further embodiment of the third class is further characterised in thatthe free bodies are rods, as these will reduce the force on the firstsupport plates when the lowered ceiling effect takes places, since theforce applied will be spread over a larger surface. As such damage tothe first support plate and the hydrophobic insulator can be avoided.

A further embodiment of the third class is further characterised in thatthe free bodies that are rods have a longest dimension that is largerthan the diagonal dimension of the electrowetting elements. In thiscase, the free bodies will be in contact with electrowetting elementwalls having a height when the lowered ceiling effect takes place and nocontact will take place with the electrowetting element area that iscovered by the first fluid in the state when there is no voltageapplied.

All of the embodiments of the third class are preferably furthercharacterised in that the free bodies have a refractive indexsubstantially equal to that of the second fluid.

An embodiment of the fourth class is characterised in thatdistance-defining elements are arranged between the supporting plates atpositions outside the electrowetting elements. The distance definingelement may also be used to provide a decorative or design effect withinthe display device.

A second embodiment of the fourth class is characterized in that thedistance defining elements are arranged between the support plates atpositions within the electrowetting elements. Preferably, the edges ofthe defining elements are positioned on the element walls, as thisreduces the optical interference due to the presence of the distancedefining elements.

A fifth class is characterised in that there is a mechanism thatswitches the display off when the second support plate is bent to anextent that brings the inner surface of the support plate close to thefirst fluid when in the contracted state. Such a preventing mechanismcan for instance be an electrical or optical feedback loop or acapacitance measurement between first and second support plate. When thedisplay is switched off, the first fluid switches back to the off-statewhich has the thinnest possible layer thickness. The preventivemechanism of the fifth class can be combined with one of the embodimentsdescribed in the other classes.

A sixth class of embodiments pertains to a further aspect of theinvention and relates to a display device comprising picture elements,which are constituted by electrowetting elements having at least onefirst fluid and a second fluid immiscible with each other within a spacebetween a first support plate and a second support plate, the secondfluid being electro-conductive or polar, whereby the first fluid in eachpicture element is at the side of the first support plate confined byelement walls, and the second fluid is shared by a plurality of pictureelements, characterised by spacer elements arranged at the inner side ofthe second support plate, the spacer elements having a height smallerthan the distance between the second support plates and being arrangedin an irregular pattern.

The irregularity or randomness of the pattern reduces the visibility ofthe spacer elements when viewing the display device. The irregularityalso reduces the cost of the display, because during manufacture thespacer elements on the second support plate need not be aligned withelement walls on the first support plate.

A pattern is irregular or random if preferably the spread in nearestneighbour distance is larger than a minimum size of the spacer elementin the plane of the second support plate, or, when the spacer elementshave a direction in the plane of the second support plate, the spread indirections is larger than 10 degrees. In a specific embodiment thenearest neighbour distance is between 4 and 12 times the length of aside of a pixel and the size of the spacer element is between one tenthand one time said length; i.e. the spread is at least 8 times theminimum size of the spacer element.

In a preferred embodiment of the sixth class the height of the spacerelements is smaller than the distance between the second support plateand the first fluid in a contracted state. The distance is measuredwithout an external force moving the support plates together. The firstfluid can be switched between the non-contracted and the contractedstate without being affected by the presence of a spacer element.

The height of the spacer element is preferably larger than the height ofthe first fluid in the contracted state minus the height of the elementwalls. When the support plates are being pushed together until spacerelements touch the element walls, the spacer elements are stillsufficiently high that the first fluid will not touch the second supportplate in the contracted state. Hence, there is less risk of the firstfluid attaching to the second support plate.

A further aspect of the invention relates to a method of making asupport plate for an electrowetting display device, including the stepsof: depositing curable material on the support plate; and curing thematerial to form spacers attached to the support plate. The methodallows a simple manufacture of both a regular and in particular anirregular pattern of spacer elements. The curable material may be thematerial of which the spacers are made and/or it may be used foradhering spacers to the support plate.

Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparentfrom the following description of preferred embodiments of theinvention, given by way of example only, which is made with reference tothe accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a diagrammatic cross-section of a part of an electrowettingdisplay device wherein the invention can be used;

FIG. 2 illustrates a first effect of pushing down a support plate;

FIG. 3 illustrates a second effect of pushing down a support plate;

FIGS. 4 a and 4 b show a first embodiment of protruding preventers;

FIG. 5 shows a second embodiment of protruding preventers;

FIG. 6 shows a third embodiment of protruding preventers;

FIGS. 7 a and 7 b show an embodiment wherein the preventer is ahydrophilic surface;

FIGS. 8 a, 8 b and 8 c show an embodiment wherein the preventers aremovement limiting elements;

FIGS. 9 a and 9 b show an embodiment wherein the preventers aredistance-defining elements;

FIG. 10 shows an embodiment having pairs of a distance-defining elementand a lens;

FIG. 11 shows an embodiment wherein both the first and second supportplate are provided with distance-defining elements;

FIG. 12 shows an embodiment wherein the preventers are transparentspheres;

FIGS. 13 a and 13 b show an embodiment wherein the preventers arearranged outside the elements;

FIG. 14 shows an embodiment with an irregular pattern of spacers; and

FIG. 15 shows a set-up for providing preventers having an equal height.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

To illustrate the background of the invention the principle of anelectrowetting display device will be described. FIG. 1 shows adiagrammatic cross-section of a part of an embodiment of such a devicethat has been described earlier. The display device 1 includes aplurality of electrowetting elements 2, only one of which is shown inthe Figure. The lateral extent of this element is indicated in theFigure by two dashed lines 4, 6. The electrowetting elements comprise afirst support plate 8 and a second support plate 10. The support platesmay be separate parts of each electrowetting element, but the supportplates are preferably in common for the plurality of electrowettingelements. The support plates may be made for instance of glass orpolymer and may be rigid or flexible.

The display device has a viewing, or front-, side 12 on which an imageformed by the display device can be seen and a rear, or back-, side 14.In some displays the viewing can also be done from side 14. In thisexample, the first support plate 8 faces the rear side and the secondsupport plate faces the viewing side. The image is formed by lightpassing through each electrowetting element from the rear side 14 to theviewing side 12, where it is transmitted through the second supportplate 10. The image is built up of picture elements, or pixels. Eachpicture element may contain a single electrowetting element 2.Alternatively, each picture element may contain a plurality ofelectrowetting elements 2, each electrowetting element forming asub-picture element. Such a composed picture element may for example beone or more segments in a direct-drive, segmented display or may includethree sub-picture elements provided with colour filters for red, green,and blue, thereby forming an RGB picture element.

An illumination unit 16 may be attached to the rear side 14 of theplurality of electrowetting elements to provide backlighting of theseelements. The illumination unit 16 may comprise a single white lightsource. Alternatively, it may comprise a plurality of colour lightsources for spectrum sequential operation of the display. The colours ofthe light sources may, for example be yellow, blue and green. The lightsources may be conventional light sources, such as fluorescent lamps orlight emitting diodes, or LED's. The illumination unit may be of aconventional construction, such as disclosed for instance ininternational patent application WO 2006/011101, which describes auniform backlighting unit for a liquid crystal display device.

A space 18 between the support plates 8, 10 is filled with two fluids: afirst fluid 20 and a second fluid 22. These fluids are immiscible witheach other. The second fluid is electrically conductive or polar and maybe a water or salt solution such as a solution of KCl in a mixture ofwater and ethyl alcohol. The second fluid is preferably transparent. Thefirst fluid 20 is electrically non-conductive and may for instance be analcane like hexadecane or (silicone) oil. A hydrophobic layer 24 isarranged on support plate 8, facing the space 18. This layer may be anuninterrupted layer extending over a plurality of electrowettingelements or it may cover only the cross-section of one electrowettingelement. The layer may be for instance an amorphous fluoropolymer layersuch as AF1600 or a layer of other low surface energy polymers such asParylene. The hydrophobic character causes the first fluid to adherepreferentially to the first support plate 8.

Each electrowetting element includes an electrode 26 arranged on thefirst support plate 8. The electrode is separated from the fluids by aninsulator, which may be said hydrophobic layer 24. In general theelectrode has the same shape as the cross-section of the electrowettingelement. A second electrode 28 is connected to the conductive secondfluid 22. This electrode can be common to a series of electrowettingelements, uninterrupted by walls. The electrodes on the support plate 8are connected to an electrical terminal on the support plate by a matrixof printed wiring. The electrodes 26 and wiring are preferablytransparent and made of e.g. indium tin oxide (ITO). The matrix mayinclude switching elements such as transistors; in this case the matrixis called an active matrix.

The lateral extent of the first fluid 20 is constrained to oneelectrowetting element by walls 30 that follow the cross-section of theelectrowetting element. Further details of the electrowetting elementand its manufacture are disclosed amongst others in international patentapplication WO 2005/098797.

The first fluid absorbs at least a part of the optical spectrum. Thisfluid may be transmissive for a part of the optical spectrum, thusforming a colour filter. For this purpose the fluid may be coloured byaddition of pigment particles or dye. Alternatively, the fluid may beblack, i.e. absorb substantially all parts of the optical spectrum.

When a nonzero voltage is applied between the electrodes 26 and 28,electrostatic forces will move the second fluid towards the electrode26, thereby repelling the first fluid 20 from the area of the electrode26 to the walls 30 surrounding the area of the electrode, which isschematically indicated by a dashed line 32. This action removes thefirst fluid from the optical path that runs from the rear side 14 to theviewing side 12 through the electrowetting element. When the voltage isreturned to zero, the first fluid flows back to cover the hydrophobiclayer 24. In this way the first fluid 20 forms an electricallycontrollable light switch.

To make optimum use of the available light for image formation thedisplay may be designed as a transflective display. In that case astructured reflector 34 is arranged on support plate 8. The structuredreflector comprises transparent areas and reflective areas. Theembodiment of FIG. 1 comprises one transparent area 36 and onereflective area 38 within the cross-section of the electrowettingelement 2. When the first fluid 20 is in the repelled state as indicatedby numeral 32, light from the illumination unit 16 will be transmittedto the viewing side 12 of the display device and ambient light from theviewing side will be reflected from the reflective area 38 and returnedto the viewing side. When the first fluid 20 covers the hydrophobiclayer 24, both the light from the illumination unit and from the ambientenvironment will be absorbed in the first fluid. An image formed by theplurality of electrowetting elements will be visible in any ambientlight level, from bright sunlight to darkness.

The ratio of the transparent area 36 to the reflective area 38 can bechosen in dependence on the use of the display device. A display devicefor indoor use can be designed to make optimum use of the relativelysmall amount of light available from the illumination unit 16. Theefficiency of the use of light is increased when the ratio is largerthan 1, for instance 4. A display device for outdoor use can be designedto make optimum use of the ambient light and use the illumination unitonly for providing some light under low ambient light conditions. Insuch a case the ratio is preferably smaller than 1, for instance 0.1.

In the above description of the electrowetting element the first fluid20 either covers the area of the electrode 26 or is removed from it.International patent application WO 2003/071346 discloses measures toallow the first fluid to cover the area of the electrode 26 partly,thereby realising so-called grey values. The grey values may be obtainedby applying an analog voltage to the electrowetting element thatpositions the first fluid to cover the area of the electrode onlypartially. Grey values may also be obtained by applying apulse-width-modulated voltage to the electrowetting element.

According to the invention the display device is provided with apreventer for preventing electrowetting elements from being destroyedwhen pressure is exerted on the second support plate 10, hereinafter thetop plate. The range of pressures may extent from a short smallpressure, for example a finger touch on a touch panel, to a long andlarge pressure, which may occur during assembly of the entire display orduring transportation.

A pressure pulse exerted on the top plate may create a shock wave, whichpropagates through the fluids and may even be magnified and which causesfirst fluid portions to flow over element walls. This effect, which maybe called the tsunami effect, is illustrated in FIG. 2. This Figureshows a cross-section of a small portion, i.e. three elements, of anelectrowetting display having a first support plate, or base plate 8,and a second support plate, or top plate, 10 and element walls 30. Forease of drawing, the shapes of displaced first fluid portions 20 in FIG.2 and contracted first fluid portions in FIG. 3 and subsequent figuresare approximated by triangular and square shapes, respectively. Inreality, these fluid portions will be rounded.

A sudden bent of the surface 40, caused by a pressure pulse on top plate10 creates shock waves in the second fluid, e.g. water. These shockwaves, indicated by double arrow 41, sweep up the oil so that portion ofit may overflow the element walls towards neighbouring electrowettingelements. FIG. 2 shows the effect of a shock wave moving to the left onthe first fluid 20.

Another effect is that the area of the top plate on which pressure isexerted will move downwards. As a result the top plate will push thesecond fluid down and this fluid will expel a portion of the first fluidfrom the element. If the distance between the support plates, i.e. thegap width becomes small enough, the expelled fluid will even adhere tothe top plate. This effect, which may be called the lowered ceilingeffect, is illustrated in FIG. 3. This Figure shows the same portion ofthe electrowetting display as FIG. 2. One of the elements, element 2′ isin fully open, i.e. transmitting state so that the oil 20 is pushed toone side and has a maximum height. When sufficient downwards force isexerted on top plate 10, its lower surface 40 will bend and push aside aportion of the oil in element 2′, out of this element as indicated bydouble arrow 42. The expelled oil portion can migrate to neighbouringelements. Moreover, since oil of element 2′ is in contact with surface40 or very close to it, the oil can adhere to this surface and remainthere when the surface retracts, i.e. when the force ceases. This mayalso happen with oil of element 2″, which is in the half open state andwhich oil also touches the surface 40.

Both the tsunami and the lowered ceiling effect are permanent anddetrimental for the performance of the electrowetting display becausethe performance is critically dependent on the amount of first fluid,e.g. oil, in the elements. In particular for control of grey levels ofthe elements the oil dose is very critical. Already if an amount of lessthan 20%, for example 10% of the oil is removed from an electrowettingelement, this element, and its neighbour element that receives theexpelled oil will no longer perform the required optical switching sothat the optical transfer function is impaired. If a larger amount ofoil is expelled from an electrowetting element this element will be“lost” for the display. As is known in the art, the human eye is verycritical and will notice even a single missing pixel in a display. Inpractice more than one pixel will get lost when pressure is exerted onthe display. The number of missing pixels is determined by the type ofpressure. In case of local pressure, for example by a finger or a penlike element on a touch screen, a limited number of pixels will getlost. If a larger area of the display is pressed, a substantially largernumber of electrowetting elements may be destroyed.

Not only during use, but also during manufacture of an electrowettingdisplay after the array of elements has been finished, elements may bedestroyed during proceeding process steps, such as filling, sealing,scribing, breaking, addition of layers for the assembly process orlayers to improve the optical performance. Moreover, the addition ofreflector means and front- or back-light means may also be attended withelement destruction. Finally, during transport of the display elementsmay also be destroyed due to mechanical shocks or other forces, whichtemporarily cause a change of the gap width. By providing anelectrowetting display with one or more preventers according to theinvention the oil, or another first fluid, will be retained in theelements and the display becomes pressure resistant.

In the electrowetting display of the invention several types ofpreventers can be used. In embodiments of a first class the preventersare provided on the lower surface of the second support plate. Thesepreventers comprise an array of elements having their base on the saidsurface and protruding therefrom in the gap between the support plates.The length of a protruding element, i.e. the dimension in the directionperpendicular to the second support plate, is smaller than the gapwidth. The protruding elements are preferably hydrophilic, or moregeneral more wettable, to water or another second fluid and thus are oilrepelling. Preferably the protruding elements narrow in the directiontowards the first support plate, e.g. are cone shaped. This provides theadvantage that they occupy less space in the gap and thus are lessvisible, whilst they cover sufficient areas of the surface 40.Preferably the index of refraction of the protruding elements is equalor approximately equal to the index of refraction of the second fluid,e.g. water so that these elements are not visible in the image to bedisplayed. The base of the protruding elements may have any shape, forexample square or circular.

A preferred embodiment of the electrowetting display with protrudingelements is shown in FIGS. 4 a and 4 b. FIG. 4 a shows the design of theprotruding elements and FIG. 4 b shows the effect of the configurationwhen bending of the second support plate occurs.

FIG. 4 a shows a cross-section of again a three-element portion of theelectrowetting display. The lower surface 40 is provided with an arrayof prism shaped protruding elements 44. In this case, the length of theprotruding elements is chosen to be considerably smaller than the gapwidth. The protruding elements can also be higher than the first fluidin the contracted state, while not bridging the total gap width.

The prismatic elements 44 are preferably hydrophilic to water and thusprevent that oil, or a similar first fluid, will adhere to them. Theelements 44 may be made of a hydrophilic material such as glass or themay be covered with a hydrophilic layer, such as SiO2 or SiN. Alsoporous or rough hydrophilic surfaces, such as hydro-gel coatings can beused to create a surface that is more wettable to the second fluid.

Moreover, the structure 46 itself of micro prisms 44 contributes toenclosing water 22 as indicated in the inset of FIG. 4 b. This structurecan be manufactured by well-known replica processes. When the top plate10 is locally pushed down its lower surface 40 with the prismaticstructure will be bent locally downwards whereby water will be retainedin this structure. This will also be the case at the location of thetransmitting element 2′ where the oil 20 is pushed into a column 48. Thebent prism structure at this location will push down column 48 so thatthe oil cannot overflow the element wall. Moreover, and probably moreimportant, the oil cannot adhere to the lower surface of the top plate.When pushing of the top plate ceases this plate will re-take itsoriginal shape and the oil in the elements will re-take the originalshape and position. In this way the electrowetting display is madepressure resistant.

Although it is preferred to have the micro prisms 44 arranged againsteach other so that their bases cover the entire surface, as shown inFIG. 4 a, this is not necessary. The prisms may also be remote from eachother so that for instance there is one prism per electrowetting elementor even one prism for a number of elements, provided that sufficienthydrophilic character is obtained. The lower the number of protrudingelements the lower their visibility will be. FIG. 5 shows across-section of a micro prism structure 50 comprising approximately oneprism 44 per element 2. In view of the foregoing this Figure needs nofurther explanation.

FIG. 6 shows a top view of another embodiment of a structure ofprotruding elements. The elements 52 are now ridges having their lengthdirection either at an angle to the element walls 30, as shown in FIG. 6or parallel to an element wall. The length dimension of the ridges issubstantially equal to the corresponding dimension of the surface 40. Ina plane perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 6, i.e. in cross section viewlike FIG. 4 a, the ridges may have several shapes, but preferably theynarrow towards the first support plate and more preferably they have aprismatic shape such as shown in FIG. 4 a. The ridges have a similareffect as for example a matrix of prismatic shaped protruding elements.In this embodiment only alignment in one direction is required.Moreover, in case the protruding elements would touch the element wallsthe latter can better withstand the pressure of the elements if theseare longitudinal. This prevents also that the hydrophobic layer getdamaged by a large force.

FIG. 7 a shows another embodiment of a preventer at the lower surface ofthe top plate 10. This Figure again shows a cross-section of athree-element portion of the electrowetting display wherein element 2′is in the transmitting state. The preventer is constituted by a layer54, which is hydrophilic during use of the display.

The layer may be permanently hydrophilic, i.e. made of a hydrophilicmaterial, for example silicon oxide or silicon nitride or a metal. Alsoporous or rough hydrophilic surfaces, such as hydro-gel coatings can beused to create a surface that is more wettable to the second fluid.

As is shown in FIG. 7 a, it is also possible to provide the lowersurface 40 of the top plate with a layer 54 of another material and toapply a voltage V between the second fluid 22 and an electrode 56,interposed between the surface 40 and the layer 54. The voltage V causeslayer 54 to become hydrophilic during use of the display. The materialof layer 54 may even be hydrophobic, such as an amorphous fluoropolymer,for example AF 1600 or another low surface energy polymer such asparylene. Voltage V may be another voltage than the voltage appliedbetween electrode 26 on the first support plate (FIG. 1) and the wateror the same voltage. In the latter case one voltage source can be usedfor two purposes.

As is illustrated in FIG. 7 b, when the top plate 10 is pushed down andthus its lower surface 40 bent towards the first support plate 8 water22 will remain adhered to this surface and, in case a layer 54 ispresent to this layer. The downwards moving water will push the oil 20into the elements 2; especially the height of oil column 48 in thetransmitting element 2′ (FIG. 7 a) will be substantially reduced, sothat the oil mass 58 will occupy a larger area of the element 2′. Alsoin this way it is prevented that oil overflows the element walls andadheres to the top plate so a lowered ceiling effect is prevented.

The preventing elements at the lower surface of the top plate may alsobe constituted by movement limiting elements, which warrant that the gapwidth will always be equal to or larger than a minimum gap width. Theminimum gap width is for instance of the order of five times thethickness of the oil in an element that is in the off state or of theorder of the height of the oil in an element that is in the maximum onstate. The movement limiting elements are suitable for preventing alowered ceiling effect in a display device wherein the distance betweenthe support plates is relatively small. By a proper distribution ofthese elements across the second support plate and proper alignment ofthe support plates the movement limiting elements are facing theelectrowetting element walls. The size of the element walls can beenlarged so that they can better withstand the pressure exerted by themovement limiting elements when these will contact the element walls.

FIG. 8 a shows an embodiment of an electrowetting display that isprovided with movement limiting elements 60. These elements are fixedpreferably on support plate 10 but can also be on support plate 8 or onboth. The embodiment shown in FIGS. 8 a and 8 b comprises a combinationof movement limiting elements 60 positioned on a black matrix material,indicated by the black lines. A further embodiment would be anelectrowetting display with the movement limiting elements 60 withoutthe black matrix material. The display portion shown in FIG. 8 a issimilar to that shown in FIGS. 4-7. Preferably the movement limitingelements 60 narrow to a point-like top ends 62. The point-like top hasseveral advantages, including the reduction of contact area, easieralignment and a reduced risk of interference with the oil motion. As isshown in FIG. 8 b, especially in the enlarged portion at left top, uponbending down of the top plate 10, one or more element(s) will bumpagainst a element wall 30 and at that position the downwards movement ofthe lower surface 40 of the top plate will be stopped. The distancebetween the top plate and the base plate at that position is larger thanthe height of the maximum contracted oil 20 in the maximum transmittingelement 2′. Thus the oil does not come into contact with the top plateso that a lowered ceiling effect does not occur. To show the effectclearly, the aspect-ratio in the figure is not to scale. In practice,the movement limiting elements and the black matrix material will followthe shape of the bent second support plate.

FIG. 8 c further illustrates this embodiment. At the left side a topview of a portion (8×8 elements) of the display is shown and at theright side the positions of the top ends 62 of the movement limitingelements relative to the elements is shown.

The density of the movement limiting elements, i.e. the number ofelements per area unit may be adapted to the design of theelectrowetting display. In some displays one can use fewer limitingelements than electrowetting elements. For example, one limiting elementper three electrowetting elements can be used. In a colour displaywherein the different colours are generated by stacked sub-displays eachhaving a first and second support plate, or in a black and white displaya shared movement limiting element may be provided for each wall of allelements. In a colour display wherein each pixel is divided in a numberof sub-pixels corresponding to the number of colours to be displayed,i.e. each electrowetting element is divided in a number of sub-elements,a shared movement limiting element may be provided for each wall of allsub-elements.

The preventers at the lower side of the top plate may also beconstituted by distance, or gap width-, defining elements as shown inFIG. 9 a. This Figure shows a cross-section of a five-element portion ofthe electrowetting display. The distance defining elements 64 are narrowpillars, which preferentially are tapered to tops 66. These elementsprevent the top plate from bending downwards even when a downward forceis exerted on the upper side of the plate. Thus elements 64 warrant aconstant gap width, which is equal to the length of the pillars, to bemaintained. In this way movement of oil due to forces other thanelectrowetting forces is prevented.

Similar to FIG. 8 c, FIG. 9 b shows a top view of a portion of thisembodiment of the display and the positions of the top ends 66 of thedistance defining elements.

The density of the distance defining elements 64 may be similar to thedensity described herein above for the movement limiting elements 60 ofFIG. 8 a.

FIG. 10 shows a cross-section of an embodiment of the electrowettingdisplay that is provided with a more robust preventer. This preventercomprises distance defining pillars, or columns 68, which aresubstantially wider than the pillars of FIG. 9 a. Moreover, the pillarsrest on walls 70, which are substantially broader than normal elementwalls 2. It will be clear that the pillars 68 have the same function aspillars 64 in FIG. 9 a, but in combination with the enlarged walls thedisplay can withstand a larger pressure. In addition, alignment of thepillars 68 on the enlarged electrowetting element walls is easier inthis embodiment. Also in this case, the pillars 68 may be tapered. Thesepillars might be small enough so that they are hardly visible.

According to a further aspect of the invention the relatively broadpillars are made substantially invisible in the image to be displayed.This is realised by means of an array of lenses corresponding to thearray of pillars. FIG. 10 shows one lens 78 of the array, which lens isaligned with the pillar 68. Moreover the electrowetting element facingthis pillar is divided into two sub-elements: a first sub-element 72 atthe left side and second sub-element at the right side of the enlargedwall 70. The sub-elements 72 and 74 together with the wall 70 formsustaining pixel 76, that is larger than a normal pixel 2. The opticaldesign of the light path formed by a sustaining pixel 76 and thecorresponding lens is such that the left pixel is visible to only theright eye of a viewer, while the right pixel is visible to only the lefteye of the viewer. To improve the optical quality of this embodiment adiffuser structure 82 may be added to the display to make the light froma sustaining element more uniform at the viewer side. The number ofpillars 68, enlarged electrowetting element walls and lenses 78 can bedifferent for different display devices. With video processing they canbe made even less visible by adapting the gray level of the surroundingelements to compensate for the optical difference caused by theelements.

As is shown in FIG. 10 the lens may be constituted by a cavity in atransparent layer 80 of for example plastics of optical quality. Thelens may also be a planar, or diffraction lens, such as a Fresnel lens.The lens layer 80 and the diffuser layer 82 may be integrated into onethin layer or film. Instead of at the viewing side of second supportplate 10, as shown in FIG. 10, the layers 80 and 82 may also be arrangedat the lower side of this plate.

The measures shown in FIG. 10 can also be used in other embodimentswhere protrusions from the second support plate may contact elementwalls, such as the embodiment of FIG. 8 a.

It is not necessary that the pillars of FIGS. 9 a and 10, which extendfrom the second support plate 10 bridge the total gap width.Alternatively, and as shown in FIG. 11, also the base plate 8 may beprovided with such pillars 84 having a length of, for example half thegap width. Then the pillars 86 from the second support plate, which arealigned with those from the base plate also have a length of half thegap width. Another division of the required total length over thepillars 84 and 86 is possible. The pillars can be manufactured by awell-known mask process, whereby in case of FIG. 11 two masks are used,one for the second support plate 10 and one for the base plate 8,respectively. These elements can be in the column direction on supportplate 10 and in the row direction on support plate 8 so that atcrossings they can touch making alignment unnecessary.

FIG. 12 shows a portion of a preferred embodiment of the electrowettingdisplay wherein the preventers are constituted by free bodies 88 in thespace between the second support plate 8 and the base plate 10. Inprinciple these bodies can move through the space. In practice, thebodies are often stabilized in an energetically favourable position;e.g. glass bodies preferentially stay close to the hydrophilic walls.The bodies may have several shapes, but preferentially they are spheres,as shown in FIG. 12. The diameter of these spheres is, for example 25 μmand larger than the maximum height of the oil 20 in an element 2′ thatis in the state of maximum transmission. The spheres 88 thus prevent thelower surface 40 of the second support plate 10 from touching the oilwhen a downward force is exerted on this plate.

The spheres may be made of glass or plastics and preferably therefractive index of the sphere material is substantially equal to thatof the second fluid 22. Preferably, the spheres also have a density thatis substantially equal to that of the second fluid 22.

It is remarked that glass spheres are already used in liquid crystaldisplays. However the diameter of the spheres in a LCD is equal to thedistance between the supporting plates, i.e. the sphere diameterdetermines this distance, whilst in the electrowetting display thesphere diameter is smaller than the distance between the supportingplates. Moreover, because of the nature of LCD's, the optical pathlength through a LCD is very critical so that a very large number ofspheres are needed to keep this path length constant. In anelectrowetting display no severe requirements are set to the path lengthso that only a small number of spheres are required, for example onesphere per 100 electrowetting elements. In addition, the distribution ofthe spheres is much less important so the number of spheres per givenarea may vary largely. Finally, also the size distribution of thespheres does not need to be very mono-disperse, which will lead to costreductions.

The invention can be implemented not only in elements of anelectrowetting display, as described herein above, but also outside theelements. For example in a direct-drive, segmented display the spacesbetween the digits can be utilised to implement the invention. Theadvantage of this approach is that one can use the same material andmanufacturing process as is used for the sealing of the display. In thisembodiment an additional supporting element 90 is created by placingsealing material inside the display. FIG. 13 a shows a cross-section andFIG. 13 b shows a top view of digital display wherein supportingelements 90 are provided at positions outside the digits 92. In afurther embodiment, the supporting elements are provided at positionsinside the digits 92, on top of the electrowetting elements filled withthe first fluid. In a preferred embodiment of this type, the outer edgesof the supporting element are positioned on top of the electrowettingelement walls, to reduce the visibility of the supporting elements. Thesupporting elements can also be used to achieve a design feature, wherethe supporting element has a specific shape, e.g. a company logo, orother images.

A fifth class is characterised in that there is a mechanism thatswitches the display off when the second support plate is bent to anextent that brings it close to the first fluid when in the contractedstate. Such a preventing mechanism can for instance be an electrical oroptical feedback loop or a capacitance measurement between first andsecond support plate. When the display is switched off, the first fluidswitches back to the off-state which is the thinnest possible layerthickness. As such, it will be more difficult and require a strongerforce to bring the second support plate close to or in contact with thefirst fluid. In addition, the effect that the display switches off canbe used to indicate to a user of the display that no further pressureshould be applied. The preventive mechanism in the fifth class can becombined with one of the embodiments described in the other classes.

FIG. 14 shows an embodiment of the pattern of spacers of the sixth classin a plane parallel to the support plates. The spacers 100 are attachedto the inner side of the second support plate and are arranged in anirregular pattern.

The pattern of element walls on the first support plate areschematically indicated by a grid 101, where each square represents apixel of the display device. The spacers are disc-shaped protrusionsmade of a hydrophilic material. In a particular embodiment the spacershave a height of 40 micrometer and a diameter of 150 micrometer and thegrid squares have a size of 160 by 160 micrometer. The density is 3spacers per 25 pixels. The spread in the nearest neighbour distance ofthe spacers is 250 micrometer, which is larger than the minimum size ofthe spacer, i.e. larger than 150 micrometer. The spread is defined asthe difference between the smallest and largest nearest neighbourdistance.

When the size of the spacers is smaller than a minimum dimension of apixel, a spacer density of at least 8 spacers per cm² is preferred. Theminimum dimension of a square pixel is the length of one side of thepixel. The irregularity of the pattern, the density of the spacers andtheir size will increase the chance that spacers touch non-zero heightelement walls when the two support plates are brought close together,thereby reducing the chance that spacers touch the hydrophobic layer ofthe pixels between the element walls.

When the size of the spacers is larger than a minimum dimension of apixel, a spacer density of less than 8 per cm² is possible; a densityhigher than 2 spacers per cm² is preferred. Experiments have shown thata density of 4 spacer per cm² achieves the desired object. This appliese.g. to disc-shaped spacers having a diameter of 200 micrometer wherethe grid size of the pixel is 160 micrometer. When using rod-shapedspacers, the length of the rods is preferably larger than the maximumdimension of the pixel. The maximum dimension of a rectangular pixel isthe length of the diagonal.

Specific embodiments of spacers for pixel measuring 160 by 160micrometer are as follows. Rod-shaped spacers have a length within therange from 50 to 300 micrometer and a diameter from 25 to 100micrometer. A particular embodiment uses 4 rods per cm² of each 250micrometer length and 75 micrometer diameter. Disc-shaped spacers mayhave a diameter in the range from 25 to 170 micrometer, the smallerspacers having a density of 10 spacers per cm², the larger spacershaving a density of 3 spacers per cm².

The height of a spacer is chosen to be smaller than the distance betweenthe second support plate and the first fluid in a contracted state. Thedistance of two different embodiments of the device is 75 micrometer and150 micrometer. The height is preferably larger than the height of thefirst fluid in the contracted state minus the height of the elementwalls, such that the first fluid will not contact the second supportplate even when the spacers have been brought in contact with theelement walls. In the embodiment having 75 micrometer distance, theheight of the spacers is 40 micrometer; the height of the first fluid inthe contracted state is 20 micrometer above the support plate and 16micrometer above the top of the 4 micrometer high element walls. Thespacers have the effect of reducing the tsunami effect and/or preventingthe lowered ceiling effect.

The spacers or preventers can be made by depositing bodies of a liquidhydrophilic spacer material, such as photoresist or UV curable adhesive,onto the inner side of the second support plate, by moving one or moredispensers above a stationary support plate, moving the support plateunder one or more stationary dispensers or a combination of the twomethods. The relative movement between the dispensers and the supportplate and the deposition rate determine whether the pattern of spacersbecomes regular or irregular.

The height of the spacers can be controlled using a set-up as shown inFIG. 15. The second support plate 10 provided with bodies or drops ofnon-cured spacer material 102 is arranged on a chuck 103 for mechanicalstability. Several elements 104 having a well-defined height arearranged on the second support plate 10 outside the area onto which thebodies are deposited. The elements may be metal strips having a welldefined thickness, e.g. 40 micrometer. A plate 105, preferablytransparent, is provided with an anti-adhesion layer 106 for thehydrophilic material of the spacers. The plate is lowered onto theelements 104, thereby flattening the drops 102 of hydrophilic spacermaterial. Subsequently, the hydrophilic spacer material is cured byirradiating the plates with UV light. After curing the plate 105 isremoved.

When the bodies of deposited spacer material are circular, the spacerswill be disc-shaped after their height has been reduced by the abovemethod. When the bodies are cured without their height being reduced,the spacers will have the form of a spherical cap. When duringdeposition of a body the dispenser moves with respect to the supportplate, the spacer will have a rod-like shape, which may have a low orhigh aspect ratio.

An alternative method of making spacers is by depositing solid bodiesonto the second support plate in a regular or irregular pattern. Thebodies may have any desired form, such as spheres, discs or rods. Thematerial is preferably transparent, having a refractive index similar tothat of the second fluid 22; e.g. silicon oxide having a refractiveindex of 1.45 and water as second fluid having a refractive index of1.33. Before deposition, the inner side of the second support plate maybe covered by a layer of adhesive, which is cured after deposition ofthe bodies onto this layer. The adhesive is preferably hydrophilic.Alternatively, before deposition the bodies may be covered by anadhesive and after deposition the adhesive is cured. The latter caseprovides more design freedom for the spacer material, because it neednot be hydrophilic.

The spacers may also be made using a photo-lithographic method or screenprinting.

All of the preventers and the spacers of the sixth class presented abovecan be used in electrowetting display devices with one or moreswitchable layers and in electrowetting display devices with two or moresupport plates.

The above embodiments are to be understood as illustrative examples ofthe invention. Further embodiments of the invention are envisaged. It isto be understood that any feature described in relation to any oneembodiment may be used alone, or in combination with other featuresdescribed, and may also be used in combination with one or more featuresof any other of the embodiments, or any combination of any other of theembodiments. Furthermore, equivalents and modifications not describedabove may also be employed without departing from the scope of theinvention, which is defined in the accompanying claims.

1. A display device comprising picture elements, which are constitutedby electrowetting elements having at least one first fluid and a secondfluid immiscible with each other within a space between a first supportplate and a second support plate, the second fluid beingelectro-conductive or polar, whereby the first fluid in each element isat the side of the first support plate confined by element walls, andthe second fluid is shared by a plurality of picture elements,characterised by a preventer for preventing first fluid portions frombeing expelled from its confinement when forces other thanelectrowetting forces are exerted on this fluid.
 2. A display device asclaimed in claim 1, characterised in that the preventer is constitutedby a component arranged at the inner side of the second support plate,which component prevents the first fluid from attaching to this plate.3. A display device as claimed in claim 2, characterised in that thecomponent is constituted by an array of protruding elements having ahydrophilic surface and having their base on the second support plateand a height smaller than the distance between the first support plateand the second support plate.
 4. A display device as claimed in claim 3,characterised in that the array is an irregular pattern.
 5. A displaydevice as claimed in claim 3, characterised in that the protrudingelements narrow towards the first support plate.
 6. A display device asclaimed in claim 3, characterised in that the material of the protrudingelements is transparent.
 7. A display device as claimed in claim 6,characterised in that the refractive index of the protruding elements issubstantially equal to that of the second fluid.
 8. A display device asclaimed in claim 3, characterised in that the protruding elements have asquare base.
 9. A display device as claimed in claim 3, characterised inthat the spacer elements have a circular base.
 10. A display device asclaimed in claim 3, characterised in that the protruding elements arelongitudinal ridges which longitudinal dimension is substantially equalto the corresponding dimension of the surface of the second supportplate.
 11. A display device as claimed in claim 2, characterised in thatthe preventer is constituted by a layer at the inner side of the secondsupport plate, which layer is hydrophilic during use of the display. 12.A display device as claimed in claim 2, characterised in that the secondsupport plate is provided with movement limiting elements at locationscorresponding to the element walls on the first support plate, whichmovement limiting elements extend in a direction perpendicular to thesupport plates and have a length smaller than the distance between thesupport plates and larger than the maximum height of the first fluid inan element, when in the transmitting state.
 13. A display device asclaimed in claim 2, characterised in that the second support plate isprovided with distance defining elements at locations corresponding tothe element walls, which spacer elements extend in a directionperpendicular to the support plates and touch the element walls on thefirst support plate.
 14. A display device as claimed in claim 12,characterised in that the second support plate is provided with a numberof lenses corresponding to the number and location of the distancedefining elements.
 15. A display device as claimed in claim 1,characterised in that the first support plate is provided with firstdistance defining elements and the second support plate is provided withsecond distance defining elements, the total length of a first and asecond element being equal to the distance between the first and secondsupport plate.
 16. A display device as claimed in claim 1, characterisedin that the space between the support plates includes free bodies havinga dimension in the direction perpendicular to the support plates largerthan the maximum height of the first fluid in an element when in thetransmitting state.
 17. A display device as claimed in claim 16,characterised in that the free bodies are made of a transparentmaterial.
 18. A display device as claimed in claim 16, characterised inthat the free bodies are made of a material that is more wettable to thesecond fluid.
 19. A display device as claimed in claim 16, characterisedin that the free bodies are spheres.
 20. A display device as claimed inclaim 16, characterised in that the free bodies are rods.
 21. A displaydevice as claimed in claim 20, characterised in that the rods have alength that is larger than the diagonal of the electrowetting elements.22. A display device as claimed in claim 17, characterised in that thefree bodies have a refractive index substantially equal to that of thesecond fluid.
 23. A display device as claimed in claim 1, characterisedin that distance-defining elements are arranged in one of a firstarrangement of between the supporting plates at positions outside theelectrowetting elements and a second arrangement of between thesupporting plates at positions on top of the electrowetting elements andoptionally the edge of the distance-defining elements are arranged ontop of the electrowetting element walls, and wherein optionally thedistance defining elements are made of the same material as the sealingmaterials on the outside of the device.
 24. A display device as claimedin claim 1, characterised in that the preventer consists of a mechanismthat switches the display off when the second support plate is bent toan extent that brings the inner surface of the support plate close tothe first fluid when in the contracted state.
 25. A display devicecomprising picture elements, which are constituted by electrowettingelements having at least one first fluid and a second fluid immisciblewith each other within a space between a first support plate and asecond support plate, the second fluid being electro-conductive orpolar, whereby the first fluid in each picture element is at the side ofthe first support plate confined by element walls, and the second fluidis shared by a plurality of picture elements, characterised by spacerelements arranged at the inner side of the second support plate, thespacer elements having a height smaller than the distance between thesecond support plates and being arranged in an irregular pattern.
 26. Adisplay device as claimed in claim 25, characterised in that the heightof the spacer elements is smaller than the distance between the secondsupport plate and the first fluid in a contracted state.
 27. A displaydevice as claimed in claim 26, characterised in that the height of thespacer element is larger than the height of the first fluid in thecontracted state minus the height of the element walls.
 28. A displaydevice as claimed in claim 25, characterised in that the spacer elementshave a dimension in the plane of the second support plate larger than aminimum dimension in said plane of a picture element.
 29. A displaydevice as claimed in claim 25, characterised in that there is at leastone spacer element per eight picture elements on average.
 30. A displaydevice as claimed in claim 25, characterised in that the spacer elementshave a sphere, disc or rod shape.
 31. A display device as claimed inclaim 25, characterised in that the spacer elements are hydrophilic. 32.A method of making a support plate for an electrowetting display device,including the steps of: depositing curable material on the supportplate; and curing the material to form spacers attached to the supportplate.
 33. A method as claimed in claim 32, characterised in that thespacers are made of the curable material.
 34. A method as claimed inclaim 32, characterised in that the spacers form an irregular pattern.35. A method as claimed in claim 33, characterised in that the curablespacer material is deposited in drops of curable spacer material.
 36. Amethod as claimed in claim 35, characterised in the step of compressingthe drops to a predetermined height before curing.
 37. A method asclaimed in claim 32, characterised in that the step of depositingcurable material includes depositing bodies on the support plate, andadhering the bodies to the support plate using the curable material. 38.A method as claimed in claim 37, characterised in that the bodies arecovered with the curable material before being deposited on the supportplate.
 39. A method as claimed in claim 37, characterised in that thesupport plate is covered with the curable material before deposition ofthe bodies.
 40. A method as claimed in claim 37, characterised in thatthe spacers form an irregular pattern.
 41. A method as claimed in claim37, characterised in that the bodies are spheres, discs or rods.